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//** Anna Zajakowski **// Bolded and underlines=key concepts Images- Information-

**__ Different Types of Fingerprints __** First thing you must know about identifying fingerprints is that you needed to know the different types of fingerprints. There are seven different types of fingerprints. The loop print makes up about seventy percent of the fingerprints encountered so far. The loop pattern consists of one delta, one ridge and one core. There are two types of loops: an ulnar and a radical. Another print is the whorls. The whorl consists of two or more deltas. The plain whorl consists of at least one ridge that may make a complete circuit. It also has two deltas and has at least one recurving ridge. The central pocket whorl consists of one recurving ridge, two deltas, an obstruction to the line of flow and no recurving ridge inside the pattern area is touched or cut. The double loop whorl is made up of two distinct, yet separate loop formations having two separate shoulders and also two deltas. The arch finger print is made of ridges that run from one side of the print to the other and there is usually no delta. There are two different types of arches: plain arches and tented arches. The last print is a whorl tracing print, there are two different components to a whorl classification the first is the pattern and the second is the tracing. To find a whorl tracing you must identify the left delta. [] **__ Identifying Fingerprints __** __How it can be used__- No fingerprint is alike. Identifying finger prints can help lead to a criminal. Police and FBI agents find fingerprint impressions from crime and compare the impressions to fingerprints collected from previous criminal activity. Not all people have their fingerprints in the data bases. However, not all people believe that fingerprint identification is a science and therefore should not be used as a means to identify or individualize. [] To be able to identify fingerprints gives the identifier a giant advantage. It is great advantage because cannot be changed. Other means of identification can be changed. Such means of identification include hair color, hairstyle, weight or eye color. [] **__ Forensics History __** Latent fingerprints are difficult to see but can be made visible for examination. These fingerprints may be left on almost all surfaces, sometimes even human skin. This gives the one finding it an advantage, as to there may be many prints left at the crime scene. Latent fingerprints can be found with numerous techniques: lasers, powders, alternate light source and a process known as glue fuming. Currently the FBI holds over 250 million fingerprints on record. The collection has both criminal and civil prints. Standard fingerprint cards are eight inch squares with a thickness of thin cardboard. Currently the FBI receives 34,000 fingerprint cards each work day. Piling all of the fingerprint cards on files would equal 133 stacks the size of the Empire State Building. **History-** In early civilizations, branding, tattooing and maiming was used to indentify criminals. Although people noticed the different patterns on peoples’ fingers, they did not use these as means of identification until the early 1900’s. [] **__ Different Blood Types __** There are four types of blood. The four types of blood are Group A, Group B, Group AB and Group O. Group A has only the A antigen on red cells and B antibody in the plasma. Group B has only B antigen on red cells and B antibody in the plasma. Group AB has both A and B antigens on red cells and neither A or B antibody in the plasma. Group O has neither A or B antigens on red cells, but both A and B antibody in the plasma. There are special ways to donate blood to make it a safe transfer. Blood type O can donate red cells to any type of blood because it is known as the universal donor. Blood type A can donate to blood types A and AB’s. Blood type B can donate to blood to B and AB’s. Finally, blood type AB can receive all types of blood, but cannot donate blood. Blood type O is the most common blood type, but not all ethnic groups have the same statistics. Blood type is inherited from your parents. A lot of children get the same blood type as their parents, but depends on the mixture of blood between parents. [] **__ How to Identify Blood Types __** There are three steps to identify blood types. The first thing you must do is mix the blood with three different reagents including any of the three different antibodies: A, B or Rh antibodies. Next you have to look at what happened. Which mixture caused agglutination to occur? The agglutination indicates the blood has reacted with an antibody and is a blood containing that antibody. If the blood being tested does not agglutinate, it tells the scientist that the blood does not have the antigens that bind the antibodies in the blood. The last step to identifying blood types is if you can determine what antigens are in the blood, it is simple to compare those to other bloods and figure what type of blood it is. [] **__ Vocabulary __** **Delta**- the part of the fingerprint that resembles the Greek letter delta. **Ridge**- a curved line that runs through the fingerprint. Some run from one side of the finger to the other, others stop specific points of the fingerprint. **Core**- is the center point of the print. Some prints may have one core others have many. **Latent Fingerprints-** any fingerprints left at a crime scene. **Antibody-**a blood protein produced in response to **Antigens-** a substance that makes an immune response in the body/blood and is a production of antibody. **Agglutination-**a group of red blood cells when held together by antibodies **Reagents-** a substance or mixture for use in chemical analysis or other reactions
 * Plasma- ** one of the four states of matter
 * Red Cells- ** the main cells that make up blood

//**Rebekah Brunner**//

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//**Makaylah Si**////**nger**//

Images- information and pictures are both on here!!!!

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**//__ Fingerprints __//**

There are many different types of fingerprints. But, the 3 basic types are arch, loop and whorl. The pattern of your fingerprints are first there before you are born and stay the same for the rest of your life. Nobody else has the same pattern as you. Every person’s pattern is different. The pattern is the same on all your fingers and toes, just sized differently. When you examine your own, you will notice that the ridges of your skin seem to curve and form complicated bends and turns. Someone else’s may curve and bend a totally different way. There are 7 altogether that people have discovered. The basics, arch, loop and whorl. Then there are 4 more, tentarch, double loop, pocked loop, and mixed. Even though there are only 7 different types of fingerprints, yours can bend and curve to make a huge variety of different prints.

**//__ Blood Types __//**

Blood is a complex, living tissue that contains many cell types and proteins. The 4 blood types are A, B, AB and O. Blood types come from your genes. You get 1 gene from your mother and 1 gene from your father, mixing their blood types to form yours. The most common blood types system is the ABO classification system. You have to be careful of which kind of blood you are because only certain bloods can mix with your blood. Blood type O is the universal donor, which means that it can donate to any other blood type. However, it can only receive blood from another O type. Type A can donate red blood cells to A’s and AB’s. It can receive from O’s and A’s. Type B can donate to B’s and AB’s. It can receive from B’s and O’s. Type AB can only donate to other AB’s but it can receive from all the other blood types. In the U.S. type O+ is the most common blood type at 37%. It’s followed closely by A+ with 34%.

**//__ Identifying Fingerprints __//**

Fingerprint identification is the method of identification of using the impressions made by the minute ridge formations or patterns found on the fingerprints. Identifying fingerprints is well known by being used in crime scenes. Once the fingerprints are taken and labeled, forensic scientists use a classification system to identify them. They can identify them by all the simple and little twists and turns that the lines make. Each person has a totally different fingerprint, so it should be an easy way to identify the suspect. They can also identify a person by general shape, position of the finger and relative size. Most forensic scientists use the ink pad and paper technique to identify the suspect. But, there are many different ways to identify fingerprints. You could also use magnetic strips and fiberglass brushes. People that identify fingerprints in a lab are often called fingerprint examiners. What helps the forensic scientists a lot is the sweat residue contained in fingerprints. This helps the scientists classify the fingerprints, helping them find the person they’re looking for.

**//__ Identifying Blood Types __//**

When identifying blood types for transfusions, there are 2 systems that are most important. They are the ABO system and the Rh system. The ABO system identifies your blood antigens in cases where you have A or B blood type. The ABO system has a partial role in identifying the blood group through the antigens in the red blood cells. The Rh system is used to identify whether the blood group is negative or positive. This is done through another antigen present in the blood which is called the Rh antigen. Almost anyone between the ages of 17 and 65 can become a new blood donor. And those who are already donors can stay donors as long as they stay healthy. The ABO system is the most important system because the majority of humans have either A, B, AB or O blood types. During a blood transfusion, it’s very important to know the type of blood you are being given. If you are given a blood that is not safe to be mixed with your own blood, it could lead to a blood clumping. For a blood transfusion to be successful, ABO and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood.

**//__ Forensic Careers __//**

Forensic scientists are a big part of the criminal system. They are instrumental in identifying and convicting criminals. There are many different careers that you could get into if you want to research forensics. These include forensic firearms examiner, forensicentomology, forensic anthropology, digital forensics, law enforcement, forensic photography, forensic chemistry(drug analysis),forensic serology(DNA), criminal justice, and forensic toxicology. Most of these have something to do with taking fingerprints or blood samples. Because forensic scientists work in the justice system, if you have a criminal record, you basically have no chance of become a forensic scientist. The minimum number of years that you have to go to college to be a forensic scientist is 6 years because it does require a master’s degree. Some forensic scientist also study dust footprints. Sometimes the footprints are the key to whether the criminal is guilty or innocent. Most of the time, forensic scientists will use high tech technology like digital photographing, to get the most accurate information. This is the best way to conclude the criminal’s fate.

**//__ Vocab: __//**

** Forensic firearms examiner: ** Criminal justices that are trained to identify and locate firearms.

** Forensic entomology ** : The use of insects that inhabit decomposing remains to aid legal investigations.

** Forensic anthropology ** : Specializing in the research and application used to determine age at death.

** Digital forensics ** : Extracting evidence from computers or other digital devices.

** Law enforcement ** : Professionals who are dedicated to upholding and enforcing the laws.

** Forensic photography ** : Forensic imaging or crime scene photography.

** Forensic chemistry(drug analysis) ** : The application of chemistry to law enforcement.

** Forensic serology(DNA) ** : The detection, classification and study of various bodily fluids including blood.

** Criminal justice ** : The application or study of laws regarding criminal behavior.

** Forensic toxicology ** : The study of drugs and their effects.